A Grounded Theory Model for the Development of Para Swimming in Iran

Abstract

Purpose: This study developed a context-sensitive model for para-swimming development in Iran using Strauss and Corbin’s systematic grounded theory. Methods: The applied, exploratory qualitative study involved 18 experts drawn from academia, sport administration, coaching, para swimming, pool management, and disability sport. Participants were selected purposively and through snowball and theoretical sampling. Semi-structured interviews continued until theoretical saturation. Data were analysed through open, axial, and selective coding and organised within the Strauss-Corbin paradigm. Results: Strategic governance, policymaking and sustainable financing, together with an integrated talent-identification, progression, and competition system, constituted the causal conditions. The core phenomenon was the integrated, sustainable, and performance-oriented development of para swimming in Iran. Contextual conditions comprised a network of accessible physical infrastructure, equipment and training technologies, and specialist human-capital development. Intervening conditions included integrated health, sports medicine and sport-science services; dual-career empowerment, personal development and family participation; and internationalisation, knowledge transfer and the media ecosystem. Monitoring, evaluation, standardisation and continuous performance improvement formed the principal strategy. Expected outcomes were improved elite performance, participation and retention, talent development, international presence, pathway quality, and the social standing of para swimming. Conclusion: The proposed model offers an actionable framework for coherent policy, planning, implementation, and evaluation of sustainable, performance-oriented para-swimming development in Iran.